pdf_gross.gifLTE - Signaling & Layer 1 Design

backtotop.gifIntroduction to LTE

Course Description
  • Requirements on LTE
    • General Requirements
      • SON (self optimizing network) Introduction , Automatic Neighbor Reporting (ANR) Introduction
  • Important Characteristics of LTE Physical Layer
    • eNodeB Self-Configuration, Automatic Neighbor Relation (ANR), Inter Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC), Fast Frequency Domain Scheduling (FFDS) combined with Adaptive Modulation & Coding (AMC), Low complexity Network (UE and E-UTRAN)
  • Network Structure – Interworking between legacy & new Core
    • Control Plane / E-UTRAN – EPC, User Plane E-UTRAN – EPC (S5/S8 GTP-based), SGSN Selection of PDN-GW versus GGSN
  • Smart Antenna Technology in LTE
    • Categorization of Smart Antenna Technologies
  • The Frequency Bands Intended for LTE (up to Rel. 10)
    • Exclusive usage, Refarming – phasing out legacy Access Networks,
    • Licensed operation, Unlicensed operation
    • E-UTRAN Channel Bandwidth and E-UARFCN's
    • E-UTRAN Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Numbering
    • Flexible Bandwidths and their Consequences
  • LTE and System Architecture Evolution (SAE)
    • Evolved Packet Core in Context
      • EPC vs. EPS, Non-3GPP Access Networks (trusted / non-trusted), EPS Architecture for Voice Support (CSFB or VoIPIMS with SRVCC) – How is SMS supported?, UE Mode of Operation upon Attach – Voice Domain Preference and UE's Usage Setting
    • Zoom into the EPS (Evolved Packet System)
      • Functional Overview of Core Network Elements within the EPC, eNodeB Synchronization Requirements for FDD and TDD
  • The E-UTRAN Protocol Stack
    • Control Plane Protocol Stack
      • Air Interface protocols
    • User Plane Protocol Stack
      • Air Interface protocols, S1 protocol
    • X2 Interface Control Plane Protocol Stack
    • X2 User Plane Protocol Stack
  • Overview Channels of E-UTRAN
    • Channel Types
      • Logical Channels, Transport Channels, Physical Channels
    • Introducing Logical Channels of E-UTRAN
      • BCCH – Broadcast Control Channel, PCCH – Paging Control Channel, CCCH – Common Control Channel , MCCH – Multicast Control Channel (from Rel. 9 onwards), DCCH – Dedicated Control Channel, DTCH – Dedicated Traffic Channel, MTCH – Multicast Traffic Channel (from Rel. 9 onwards)
    • Introducing Transport Channels of E-UTRAN
      • RACH – Random Access Channel, UL-SCH – Uplink Shared Channel, BCH – Broadcast Channel , PCH – Paging Channel, MCH – Multicast Channel, DL-SCH – Downlink Shared Channel
    • Physical Channels of E-UTRAN
      • PBCH, PDCCH, PCFICH, PUCCH, PRACH, PHICH, PDSCH, PMCH, PUSCH, Downlink reference signal, Primary and secondary synchronization signal, Uplink reference signal or UL pilot symbol, Uplink sounding reference signal (SRS), Random Access Preamble
    • Mapping of Channels in E-UTRAN
  • Attachment through E-UTRAN / new MME
    • EMM Combined Attach Request & Accept , Established User Bearers and Channel Types after Default EPS Bearer Activation
    • Network Layout and Important Identifiers
      • Organization of the E-UTRAN, Tracking Areas, NAS Identifiers of the UE (Mobility Management), M-TMSI and S-TMSI, UE-ID for Paging in legacy GSM, GPRS and UMTS as well in E-UTRAN, GUTI (Globally Unique Temporary UE Identity), Conversion of LAI/RAI and TMSI resp. P-TMSI to GUTI

backtotop.gifKey Technologies of the LTE Physical Layer

  • Generic Assessment of Smart Antenna Techniques
    • Physical Basics of the Multipath Dimension
      • Signal Fading and Alteration between Tx and Rx, Scattering, Refraction, Reflection, Diffraction, Consequences for the different Signal Paths, Macro-Diversity vs Micro-Diversity, Spatial Multiplexing Introduction
    • Spatial Multiplexing - “True” MIMO
      • MIMO and AAS combined = multiple rank beamforming, When MIMO fails, The Codebook – Rank & Precoding Vectors, Optimum beamforming weights, Signaling of sub-optimum beamforming weights, Signaling of used Smart Antenna Algorithms, Conditions for closed loop algorithms, Conditions for open loop algorithms, PDCCH scheduling indications, Single User- vs Multi User-MIMO, MIMO Channel Matrix -Spatial Multiplexing
    • STBC and SFBC
    • Transmit Beamforming – suboptimum Beamforming
    • Smart Antenna Techniques in LTE
      • Overview, Receive Diversity, SFBC (for 2 TX-Antenna Ports), SU-MIMO, MU-MIMO, Transmit Beamforming, Processing Chain and Terminology, Purpose of Scrambling in LTE, The Term: "Codeword" (CW), The Term: "Layer" – Spatial Layer, The Term: "Precoding", Cyclic Delay Diversity (CDD), Antenna Port vs Antenna
    • Transmission Modes and signaled DCI
    • Overview on Rank Indicator & Transmission Mode (2 TX)
      • Single Antenna Port 0 – Transmission Mode 1, Closed Loop Rank 1 Beamforming – Transmission Mode 6, Closed Loop SM or Open Loop SM (Large Delay CDD) – TM3 and TM4, Transmit Diversity (SFBC) – Transmission Mode 2
    • Overview on Rank Indicator & Transmission Mode (4 TX)
    • Single Antenna Port:0 – “Transparent” Precoding (TM 1)
    • Transmit Diversity – SFBC (Space Frequency Block Coding) Details for 2 Antenna-ports (TM 2)
    • Closed Loop Rank 1 Beamforming (e.g. TM 6 or fallback of TM 4)
      • General beam-forming
    • Closed Loop Spatial Multiplexing (TM 4) - 2 TX Ports
    • Open Loop Spatial Multiplexing - large CDD
      • Cyclic-delay diversity
    • Taxonomy of Antenna Configurations in Rel. 8
      • Physical Antenna Categorization, Antennas for MIMO
  • OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex)
    • The Multipath Phenomenon
      • Single Carrier Modulation and Channel Equalization, Delay Spread, Multipath-induced Time Delays result in ISI
    • Technique behind OFDM – FFT (Fast Fourier Transform)
      • Basics on FFT / IFFT , IFFT/FFT processing , How does the FFT process keep the individual modulated carriers from interfering with one another? , How is OFDM implemented ? , What are the downsides to OFDM? , And what is OFMDA? , How is OFDMA accomplished?
    • Simple OFDM Processing Chain
    • Impact of Orthogonality in the Frequency Domain
      • Practical Exercise: Physical Basics of OFDM / OFDMA
    • OFDM / OFDMA and IFFT
      • Considering a Discrete Oscillator Array Option, Details of the IFFT Option, Why is it called F a s t Fourier Transformation?, Considering UMTS Clock of 3.84 MHz and 15 kHz Subcarrier Spacing
    • Modulation Scheme Overview
    • Tackling Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI)
      • Introduction, Delay Spread, Cyclic Prefix (CP), Variable Duration and other Assets of the Cyclic Prefix, Inter Carrier Interference (ICI)
    • From generic OFDM/OFDMA to the LTE-Implementation
      • LTE specific OFDM/FFT and subcarrier Parameters, Time / Frequency View on OFDM: The "Grid", Subcarrier Spacing in LTE, Transmission Bandwidth in LTE, Definition of Radio Frame, Sub-Frame and Slot in LTE, Cyclic Prefix Options in LTE, Definition of Slot, Subframe and Radio Frame, Resource Block Pair and TTI in LTE, Virtual vs Physical Resource Blocks, System Bandwidth and Resource Blocks, Uplink Carrier Leakage – SC-FDMA
  • SC-FDMA
    • Why SC-FDMA? - Amplifier Backoff & Cubic Metric
      • PAPR of Single-Carrier vs. Multi-Carrier Systems
    • The Processing Chain of SC-FDMA
    • Example: Processing Data through SC-FDMA
      • Step 1 : Converting Binary Information into Sub-Symbols, Duration of a single Sub-Symbol, Step 2: Preparation of DFT / Number Conversion
        Step 3: Introducing the Formula of DFT
        Transform Precoding for SC-FDMA, SC-FDMA baseband signal generation
        Step 4: Execution of M-Point DFT
        Step 4: Final Result of the DFT: The 4 Subcarriers
        Step 5: Shifting the Subcarriers to the Correct Frequency, Power Amplifier Backoff and Cubic Metric
        Step 6: Execution of IFFT on Subcarrier x[0..3]
  • Introducing CAZAC-Sequences (Constant Amplitude Zero Aut-correlation)
    • Reviewing Autocorrelation Properties
      • Zadoff-Chu Sequence Generation in LTE

backtotop.gifPhysical Layer Details

  • UE Transmitter and Receiver Characteristics
    • UE Maximum Output Power
    • UE Receiver Sensitivity for QPSK
    • E-UTRA UE's Reference Sensitivity (Chart)
    • Fixed Reference Channel for Receiver Requirements (FDD)
  • Deep Dive into LTE's Physical Layer
    • Practical Exercise: PHY Throughput Calculation for OFDM
    • Mapping Physical Channels to the OFDMA-Grid
      • Problem Description, Mapping of Downlink Channels and Signals, Primary & Secondary Synchronization Signals and PBCH, Content and Meaning of PSC and SSC, Content and Meaning of the PBCH, PCFICH – Physical Control Format Indicator Channel, PHICH – Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel , PDCCH – Master Control for uplink & downlink Resource Allocation, Relationship between PDCCH and PDSCH, Range of DCI formats and possible RNTI's, RRC Transmission Mode (tm) and DCI on PDCCH, Example for Downlink Resource Allocation:
        DCI-Format 1 / Resource Allocation Type 0, Relationship between PDCCH and PUSCH, Example for Uplink Resource Allocation: DCI-Format 0 / Resource Allocation Type 2
    • FDD Time Structure / Frequency Grid in downlink
      • Reference Signals - Pilot RE's, Synchronization Signals , Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS), Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS), Physical Broadcast (PBCH), Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH), Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH), PDSCH and PMCH
    • Uplink Time-Frequency Grid (FDD)
      • Uplink Demodulation Reference Signals, Basic Principles behind uplink DRS transmission, Uplink Sounding Reference Signals (SRS), Uplink Layer 1/Layer 2 Control Signaling on PUCCH, Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
  • HARQ & IR for DL-SCH and UL-SCH
    • Principle of Incremental Redundancy (IR)
    • Stop & Wait Processes – HARQ RTT in E-UTRAN
    • Rate Matching for PDSCH/PUSCH
  • PDSCH and PUSCH Resource Allocation Types
    • Localized versus Distributed RB Allocation
      • Virtual Resource Block
    • Downlink Control Information (DCI) Formats & 'TM'
      • Transmission Mode for PDSCH, DCI Format Details, Transport Block Size Table (dimension 27 index's ×110 RB's), Modulation and TBS index table for PDSCH
    • Resource Block Allocation Type 0, 1 and 2
      • Resource Allocation Type 0, Resource Allocation Type 1, Resource Allocation Type 2
    • Practical Exercise: Derive the allocated RB's of a Resource Allocation Type 1
  • Physical Channel Details
    • Primary and Secondary Sync Signals – FDD vs. TDD
      • Details on Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) Sequences, Details on Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS) Sequences, Cell Search Performance
    • Downlink Reference Signals (Pilot)
      • Common Reference Signals, UE-specific Reference Signal (RS), Practical Exercise: Calculate RSRP and RSRQ, Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP), Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ) , LTE Measurements: RSRQ and RSRP
    • PBCH Details for FDD
      • MIB Parameter Details, PBCH Transmission over 40 ms
    • Physical Downlink Control Channel PDCCH
      • PDCCH Formats (CCE's), Blind Decoding of PDCCH , PDCCH Candidates monitored by a UE, PDCCH CRC Attachment and Construction, Scheduling Process
    • Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
      • Downlink Transport Block Processing, Downlink HARQ and Timing
    • Physical uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
      • Uplink HARQ Timing
  • Uplink Control Signaling
    • PUCCH and UCI (Uplink Control Indicator)
      • PUCCH Format 1, 1a and 1b, PUCCH Format 2, 2a and 2b, PUSCH taking over Control Signaling
  • Important Physical Layer Procedures
    • E-UTRAN Cell Search – Blind CP Detection
      • Synchronization Sequences and Cell Search in LTE, Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS) Sequences, Cell Search Performance in LTE, Cell Search with Basic NAS and AS Procedure's
    • Random Access
      • PRACH Structure Format 0, Random Access Procedure in E-UTRAN, Contention based and non-contention based random access procedure
    • Timing Advance Control
      • Principle, Procedure, TA while the UE is not synchronized to the eNB, TA while the UE is synchronized to the eNB
    • Uplink Power Control Principle (PUCCH and PUCCH)
      • Uplink Power Control Formulas , Power Control for PUCCH, Power Control for PUSCH
  • Channel Estimation DL
    • Channel Estimation Principle of LTE
      • The description of the mobile radio channel, Coping with a frequency selective mobile radio channel, Coping with the time variance of the mobile radio channel
    • Channel Estimation Downlink
      • Normal configuration with 4 TX antennas, Normal configuration with less than 4 TX antennas, Extended configuration with 15 kHz subcarrier spacing, Extended configuration with 15 kHz subcarrier spacing for MBSFN, Extended configuration with 7.5 kHz subcarrier spacing for MBSFN
  • UE Throughput Classes
    • Overview – Throughput in downlink and uplink
      • Classes 1-4, UE class 5
    • Calculation of the DL Peak Throughput for LTE UE Class 5

backtotop.gifRRC Signaling in LTE

  • Differences between UMTS RRC and LTE
    • Reduced User Plane Latency in E-UTRAN
    • Reduced Control Plane Latency (State Changes) in LTE
    • State Characteristics of RRC (E-UTRAN)
      • Characteristics of RRC_IDLE, Characteristics of RRC_CONNECTED
    • E-UTRAN Signaling Radio Bearers (SRB's)
      • Overview
    • E-UTRA States and Inter RAT Mobility Procedures
      • RRC_IDLE, RRC_CONNECTED:, Mobility Control in RRC_IDLE and RRC_CONNECTED, Mobility in RRC_IDLE mode, Mobility in RRC_Connected mode , Connection Re-Establishment Procedure, Handover to LTE, Mobility from LTE
  • RRC Messaging
    • End to End Protocol Stack Overview (AS + NAS)
    • System Information Broadcasting & Acquisition
    • Paging Procedure in E-UTRAN for PS and CS Domain
    • Example Message Flows (AS + NAS)
      • RRC Establishment Procedure including Attach and PDN Connectivity Request , Default EPS Bearer Activation on RRC
    • Inter RAT RRC Procedures
      • Handover to E-UTRA (incoming HO from other RAT), Mobility from E-UTRA (Outgoing - towards other RAT's), Reception of the MobilityFromEUTRACommand by the UE, Inter-RAT cell change order from GERAN to E-UTRAN
  • Handover in LTE
    • UTRAN and E-UTRAN differences in mobility UTRAN
    • Measurements
    • Report Configuration of Inter-RAT Neighbors (GERAN/UTRAN)
    • Example of E-UTRAN Measurement Control
      • Example for Intra-Frequency Hard HO
    • Measurement Events in E-UTRAN
    • Event Triggered (Periodical) Reporting
      • Intra Frequency ANR (Automatic Neighbor Reporting), Intra Frequency ANR Definition
  • NAS Message Transfer (EMM, ESM) and SMS
  • RRC Procedure Delay
    • Introduction
    • Fixed Procedure Delay Values for eNB originated RRC
      • Conditionally mandatory Release 9 features
  • Measurement Gaps and Compressed Mode
    • Measurement Gaps in LTE
    • Compressed Mode in UMTS for E-UTRAN Measurements
  • Rel. 8 Access Stratum Feature Handling & Group Indicator -Early UE Handling
    • First Part of Feature Group Table
    • Second Part of Feature Group Table
      • Rel. 9 Features supposed to be tested
    • UMTS Rel. 8 – LTE FGI for Mobility to E-UTRAN
      • UMTS - UE Multi-mode/Multi-RAT Capability
    • Mobility from LTE towards other RAT's & Inter-frequency HO
  • Layer 1 and Layer 2 Drops in LTE
    • Layer 1 Drop – Radio Link Failure
      • Intra LTE Handover Event A3 – Drop in case of Slow HO, Radio Link Failure – N310 consecutive out of Sync's, Radio Link Monitoring Testing – SNR levels for Qin & Qout
    • Cell Selection after Drop – Call Re-Establishment
    • RRC Re-establishment Success or Reject
      • Re-Establishment Failure Cases
  • Intra LTE HHO
    • X2-based Handover Scenario
      • Initial Conditions, Detailed Description, Seamless Handover

backtotop.gifRLC/MAC Layer

  • Features of MAC
    • Overview
      • Data transfer logical channels ?? transport channels, Radio resource allocation, Special procedures
    • Radio Network Temporary Identifiers (RNTI's) in E-UTRAN
      • Usage of RNTI's, RNTI Values
    • MAC Random Access Procedure
      • Contention Based Random Access Procedure, Non-contention based random access procedure
    • Structure of MAC-PDU
      • MAC control element, Normal (non-transparent) MAC SDU, Transparent MAC SDU
    • MAC Control Elements
      • Contention resolution ID, Timing Advance, DRX, Padding, Power headroom report, C-RNTI, Short, long and truncated buffer status reports
    • Practical Exercise: MAC Operation
    • Practical Exercise: DL MAC PDU Construction
    • MAC Configuration
      • MAC Configuration in the Standard
  • Features of RLC
    • Overview
      • Data transfer, Error detection and recovery, Reset
    • Structure of RLC PDU
    • Structure of RLC AM with PDCP PDU Segments
    • RLC Configuration
      • RLC Configuration in the Standard
  • How a TCP/IP MTU is reaching the UE / the Internet
    • TCP/IP layer, PDCP layer, RLC layer, MAC layer, PHY layer

backtotop.gifDifferences between LTE-FDD and LTE-TDD

  • Basic Layer 1 Details of TDD
    • Frame Structure Type 2
      • UL and DL time slots, Downlink Pilot Timeslot (DwPTS) – downlink part of special subframe, Uplink Pilot Timeslot (UpPTS) – uplink part of special subframe, Guard Period (GP)
    • The Special Subframe in LTE-TDD (DwPTS, GP, UpPTS)
      • Configuration of special subframe (lengths of DwPTS/GP/UpPTS, Details on Special Subframe S, Frame structure Type 2 – UpPTS structure (SRS), Frame structure Type 2 – UpPTS structure (P-RACH)
    • DL/UL Configurations of LTE-TDD
    • LTE TDD Downlink Physical Channels
    • UE Specific Reference Signals
    • LTE-TDD Synchronization Signals
    • LTE-TDD Random Access Channels
    • Coexistence between TD-SCDMA and LTE
    • TDD Portions in major 3GPP LTE Specifications
  • Radio Resource Management – Beam Forming
    • GOB (GridOfBeam) and EBB (Eigenvalue Based Beamforming)
    • Dual-polarized 4+4 Antenna
      • Calculation of Antenna Weights for Beam Forming, Long Term Beamforming – Beamforming Antennas , Antenna Ports – Virtual Antennas
    • Beamforming Transmission Schemes for various Channels
    • LTE Beamforming and MIMO Evolution In 3GPP
  • Other Differences between FDD and TDD
    • Max Number of DL HARQ Processes for TDD
      • HARQ Feedback for Downlink PDSCH Transmissions, ACK/NACK Multiplexing, ACK/NACK Bundling
    • Number of Synchronous UL HARQ Processes for TDD
      • eNodeB's HARQ Indicator for Uplink Transmission , PHICH Assignment Procedure, PHICH/PDCCH Detection - UE needs to do New/Retransmissions

v1.200

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